Disaster in Franklin County Essay

The Role of Health Personnel and the Public Health Nurse General wellbeing faculty and general wellbeing medical caretakers have numerous duties in a catastrophe that are fundamental to an effective result for the network. Their essentially center is around the wellbeing and soundness of the general population. The wellbeing staff will evaluate the community’s accessible assets by giving the vital help and distinguishing their particular needs identified with the calamity. The human services work force additionally have the job of teaching the network and tending to any physical or psychosocial needs the network may have (Disaster in Franklin County: A Public Health Simulation, 2006). The wellbeing faculty will team up with the neighborhood wellbeing office to gather assets that are required during a catastrophe and facilitate with network administrations to guarantee the public’s essential needs are met. These administrations include social administrations, volunteers and salvage laborers (Disaster in Franklin County: A Public Health Simulation, 2006). The wellbeing faculty issue wellbeing warnings and apportion assets to coordinate the necessities of the debacle. This could incorporate giving transportation to expel individuals from their homes during a flood. It is additionally fundamental that the wellbeing faculty discusses successfully with general society and media to give refreshed data on the most proficient method to get help, how to acquire essential necessities, potential wellbeing risks and to console the individuals of Franklin that they are sheltered (Disaster in Franklin County: A Public Health Simulation, 2006). The open nurse’s job during a calamity includes helping patients in the crisis cover for emergency treatment abilities and directing prescription. Anyway more accentuation is being put on populace based general wellbeing and calamity readiness. General wellbeing medical caretakers have increased an expanded information about the community’s benchmark wellbeing status, socioeconomics, condition and energizing assets. General wellbeing attendants presently have an attention to defenseless populaces in the network, who might be in danger in the midst of calamities. This incorporates the older, incapacitated, psychological instability and non-communicating in English inhabitants (Berman, Erb, Kozier, and Synder 2006). The general wellbeing medical attendant will direct way to entryway interviews. This is performed to finish a network appraisal to figure out who requires clinical consideration, who has any exceptional needs, for example, basic meds and clinical gear (oxygen, nebulizer, and dialysis) and if the network has clean food and water. The medical caretaker should likewise give basic instruction to help keep the open protected, for example, giving data about the nearby emergency call habitats for extra consideration and backing and neighborhood cover. The medical attendant can allude them to appropriate assets, for example, social specialists, advisors and safe houses (Disaster in Franklin County: A Public Health Simulation, 2006). Levels of leadership The levels of leadership that was utilized in the Franklin County recreation incorporates the Incident Commander, Operations Section Chief, Medical/Health branch executive, Public Health Groups, Public Health Nursing Supervisor and the Public Health Nurse. The Incident Commander is the dynamic last position. The Operations Section Chief has theâ responsibility for dealing with all activities, regulating associations as per the occurrence activity plan and coordinates its execution. The Operation Section Chief likewise coordinates the arrangement of operational arrangement, demands assets, rolls out catalyst improvements to the activity plan when vital and reports such to the occurrence leader (Wikipedia, 2013). The Medical/Health branch executive will coordinate, regulate and assess work exercises of clinical and nursing. General Health Groups will screen wellbeing status and distinguish medical issues, by putting medical issues and wellbeing risks in the network. They will assess the viability, availability and nature of individual and populace based wellbeing administrations. General Health Groups additionally create approaches and designs and uphold laws and guidelines to ensure the wellbeing and security of the network. The Public Health Nursing chief is answerable for giving guidance and help to the Public Health Nurse and assessing their work (Wikipedia, 2013). The Public wellbeing medical caretaker conveys straightforwardly to the County Public Health Director who is Zachary Burke. Zachary Burke works under the Operation Section Chief who is Rebecca Brower. Rebecca Brower straightforwardly addresses Chris Newhouse, who is the EOC Commander. The Public Health Nurse will likewise team up with different pros, for example, disease transmission experts, biostatisticians, hippies, social specialists and such during a catastrophe (Disaster in Franklin County a Public Health Simulation, 2006). The Community Nurse has numerous accessible assets to the Franklin people group when the person experiences a difficult that isn't inside her extent of training. A social laborer can help people who are encountering issues related with lodging, joblessness and funds. A social laborer can alsoâ refer people experiencing enthusiastic trouble to an instructor. An ecological Health Specialist can help keep up a sheltered domain by distinguishing potential natural issues, for example, a gas break or compound spill. They can help instruct the network on security risks and discover answers for wipe out any danger to people in general by checking any potential perils or natural dangers to the network (Disaster in Franklin County a Public Health Simulation, 2006). The American Red Cross can give numerous assets that can help facilitate the community’s enduring brought about by a catastrophe. The American Red Cross offers a lot of crisis help, for example, covers, cleaning supplies, comfort packs, emergency treatment, food, attire home fixes, family unit things, clinical supplies, crisis transportation and so on. The American Red Cross can likewise give referrals to the legislature and different offices giving debacle help. Another asset that could profit the network is the Federal Emergency Management Agency. This association gives catastrophe help to people or families whose property has been harmed or wrecked and whose misfortunes are not secured by protection. Activities by the Public Health Nurse The principal home that the medical attendant played out a way to entryway meet was a man named Matt Westlund. Matt Westlund starts to tell the Public Health Nurse that his storm cellar is overwhelmed and the rack in his shed had fell which made a wide range of synthetic compounds spill. Mr. Westlund is looking for help on the most proficient method to tidy this compound chaos up. The general Health nurture duty is to look for help from an Environmental Health Specialist (EHS). The EHS will survey and decide the most proper approach to tidy up the house held risks squander. The medical caretaker must demand that Mr. Westlund doesn't endeavor to tidy up this chaos and to hold up until the Environmental Health Specialist shows up. The Public Health Nurse must give Mr. Westlundâ with data in regards to how to tidy a flood up (Disaster in Franklin County a Public Health Simulation, 2006). The subsequent inhabitant is ladies named Susan Fuhr. Susan is incredibly baffled and irritated. This family unit is as of now inadequate with regards to the fundamental supplies, for example, power, diapers, water and infant recipe. The Public Health medical caretaker can give Mrs. Fuhr the choice for her family to remain at a safe house for a couple of days where there are hot dinners, power and bounty different supplies. On the off chance that Mrs. Fuhr will not go to the sanctuary she would then be able to allude them to social administrations. A social specialist can help give the Fuhr family the correct assets to support Mrs. Fuhr deal with her infant and the Public Health Nurse can give them multi week of provisions (Disaster in Franklin County a Public Health Simulation, 2006). Rosario Alvarez is a Spanish talking lady who couldn't address the nurse’s questions as a result of a language boundary. Mrs. Alvarez requires Spanish materials on safe food, water and a generator. As of now there is no pressing issue that should be tended to. The Public Health Nurse can organize an interpreter to make an encounter with this family inside seven days to address wellbeing in regards to food, water and the generator (Disaster in Franklin County a Public Health Simulation, 2006). Jason Fugate has a background marked by hypertension and presently came up short on pulse drugs. The Public Health Nurse’s need is to discover Mr. Fugate’s clinical history and to take his pulse. On the off chance that his systolic pulse is more prominent than 150mmHg, Mr. Fugate will be encouraged to leave his home and go to the asylum where his antihypertensive prescription can be managed. Since Mr. Fugate pulse is 112/73, I would orchestrate his medicine to show up by the following day (Disaster in Franklin County a Public Health Simulation, 2006). It is significant that Mr. Fugate is educated on hisâ options and permits him to settle on his own choice. Mr. Fugate must be taught on the signs and manifestations of hypertension and when to look for clinical consideration. The open attendant should likewise ensure that he has the fundamental things, for example, clean water, food, power and a working telephone line in the event of a crisis. It is significant that the attendant will catch up with all inhabitants to ensure their issues were tended to. Tending to the community’s fears After the fiasco, the network nurture must be happy to give physical and passionate solace to all the occupants of Franklin County. The occupants will experience the ill effects of nervousness, dread, distress and post-awful pressure issue. The people group will be grieving the loss of theirâ loved ones and the loss of their resources, for example, their homes and loved things, for example, pictures. It is significant that the network nurture offers direction and backing to these families by offering assets and making referrals explicit

Sia Singapore Airline Free Essays

string(65) is the place the two makers can separate there product. Official Summary The report gives an outline of the organization and its condition. The paper recognizes different assets and abilities accessible to the organization. The different methodologies that Singapore Airlines use and how they influence the aircrafts execution. We will compose a custom exposition test on Sia Singapore Airline or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now Key issues have been recognized that undermine Singapore Airlines current market. The frequently confounded Government guidelines and worldwide laws that influence the aircraft business have been characterized and clarified. Ebb and flow industry issues and patterns that influence Singapore Airlines have been examined, various proposals have been given, as a potential arrangement. Outline of Singapore Airlines Singapore Airlines (SIA) first flights started in 1947 banded together with Malaysian Airlines, each subsidized by there governments. The two aircrafts principally adjusted South East Asia. Singapore isolated from Malaysia in 1965 to turn into the republic of Singapore. The two governments subsequently chose to go there own ways and set up there own carriers. In 1972 Singapore Airlines was propelled. The local market was fundamentally non existent because of Singapore being a little nation geologically. Singapore Airlines needed to quickly seek after a global nearness and began arranging flight courses, air terminal assets, and government acknowledgment into remote goals and so forth. SIA additionally needed to set up themselves as a certified contender and market the aircraft universally to potential clients and future partners. Today, SIA has in excess of 10,000 representatives and 95 airplanes. The carrier presently serves 89 goals around the globe including Asia, Europe, North America, Middle East, Australasia, and Africa. ( www. aircrafts. priceline. om) SIA is arranged at Changi Airport alongside auxiliaries Silkair and Tiger Airlines. ‘In 2004, Changi Airport got a record 30,400,000 travelers, a year-on-year development of 23. 1% in traveler traffic. Additionally, a record 1,780,000 tons of load was moved, speaking to a year-on-year increment of 10. 2% in airfreight volume’. (http://en. wikipedia. organization). Changi Airport is classed as â€Å"the center poin t of Asia†, Changi gives visits, refueling, and traveler trade for all the global carriers going from one side of the world to the next. Changi Airport is likewise growing to oblige for there cut value aircraft and new Airbuses showing up in 2006. Examination of Singapore Airlines Environment In breaking down nature, the significant outer impacts that impact execution and choices of Singapore aircrafts have been point by point in this segment. The carrier business has been emphatically constrained by understandings and strategies. Carriers couldn’t simply fly to any goal or nation without suitable authorisation. Most nations have there own national carrier that are by and large government upheld and hold a major impact on there activity. The legislatures likewise actualize strategies and guidelines to control outside aircraft access to there air terminals. A few nations presently have deregulated there national aircraft industry to diminish the measure of government control, and make access to air terminals/benefits increasingly open for exchange. Nations that have utilized this activity are the United States, Australia, European Union and Japan. The deregulation of the Airline business opens entryways for additional contestants to the market and expanded rivalry. Singapore Airlines is as yet claimed by the Singapore government is as yet influenced by such controls. The Singapore government has consented to an arrangement with the United States called â€Å"Open Skies† that gives the two nations unlimited flight access to every others nations. The open skies wonder is gathering force and an ever increasing number of nations are joining. Singapore Airlines is at present in dealings with Australia, to arrive at an understanding in regards to open skies access down under. Fundamentally the nations that increase open skies understandings can develop existing business. The aircraft business is exceptionally serious industry and the adversary carriers are continually making the most of any chance to acquire goals. Insights show Asia’s populace is consistently expanding each year and this adds to the expansion in flights. Asia is perceived as the hotspot for air travel at present and into what's to come. Asia-Pacific intercontinental flights are up 7% and there has been development of 8% intra-provincial administrations (www. oag. com). This enthusiasm for the region has seen new sliced value aircrafts rise to provide food for the interest. SIA has built up its own low value carrier Tiger Airlines to fulfill request. Other natural elements impacting SIA and the carrier business are rising fuel costs. The cost ascend in fuel causes a cost increment in the running of flights, accordingly an ascent in ticket costs. SIA have recently passed a choice to put a US$10 overcharge on ticket costs to oblige the fuel rise. Fear based oppression has caused monstrous monetary misfortunes for carrier industry and furthermore insolvency. Fear based oppression strikes occur whenever all of a sudden and goals around the globe that are straightforwardly influenced by psychological oppression assaults see an emotional stop in aircraft flights. The aircrafts can't foresee these assaults from occurring and need to incorporate such events with there chance administration approaches. Audit of the Industry Structure In breaking down the business structure this report utilizes Porters 5 Forces. The five powers take a gander at the Threat of New Entrants, Power of Suppliers, Power of Buyers, Availability of Substitutes, and Competitive Rivalry. Danger of New Entrants: The universal carrier industry has high hindrances to passage for various reasons, right off the bat there are very significant expenses associated with setting up an industry. As referenced already, picking up flight access to outside nations and acquiring air terminal space is another obstacle that disrupts the general flow of new contestants. The present aircrafts commanding the business are continually taking a shot at expanding cost productivity, and execution to debilitate any new contestants and to give power a shot existing poor administrators. The Domestic business is progressively alluring to new participants as it doesn’t have as much entanglements as the universal side and lower hindrances to passage. Intensity of Suppliers: The airplane providers of the aircraft business are overwhelmed by two providers Boeing and Airbus. The airplanes motors are normalized so both airplane producers have comparative motors. Boeing and Airbus both redistribute there parts for there planes and by and large utilize similar providers. The body casings and insides is the place the two makers can separate there item. You read Sia Singapore Airline in classification Papers Due to the normalization of motors the exchanging expenses of providers is decreased and aircrafts. (De Melo, 2000) Power of Buyers: The intensity of purchasers is low in the carrier business as exchanging costs are high. Most carriers are comparative inside; it’s more the administration that separates them. Most aircrafts follow each other on costs and cause purchasers to address there cost, then again new contestants my motivation value rivalry and along these lines a purchasers showcase. (www. fool. com). Accessibility of Substitutes: The substitutes that could compromise the aircraft are vehicles, vessels and trains. These substitutes are not that a lot of a danger to plane travel. Carriers are for the most part is utilized to cover enormous separations in a brief timeframe, and was build up to fill an interest that different types of movement couldn’t suit as successfully. Interchange proportions of transport are to a greater degree an individual decision not an immediate equal substitute. (www. fool. com). Serious Rivalry: The carrier business is profoundly serious and value wars are a typical event. There is steady battling for an area and development. Significant players in the business focus on bringing down there costs and improving help to hinder new participants. What Key assets accessible to Singapore Airlines? Singapore Airlines is a well build up universal carrier with solid beneficial reputation. The organization has an administration possession and furthermore private partners. The carrier has consistently been productive and the assets reinvested over into the organization, to expand on capital. The table underneath shows that most recent 3 years financials and even on account of the S. A. R. S breakout in 2004 they despite everything posted a benefit. [pic] Aside from simply money related capital, Singapore Airlines has numerous different assets recorded beneath: †¢ Changi air terminal the home of Singapore Airlines is one of the biggest cargo taking care of offices on the planet, and is the most well known center in Asia. †¢ Singapore has an asset of around 95 airplanes that currently are brought inside and not rented; the airplanes are commonly supplanted each 4-5 years. †¢ Singapore Airlines has constructed a mass of 89 worldwide flight goals. †¢ The carrier has assembled a human asset preparing office. †¢ Changi Airport has SIA condition of workmanship designing organization that administrations there planes and other universal carriers. SIA likewise has one of the biggest flight kitchens on the planet arranged at Changi. †¢ SIA has a place with the Star Alliance where different carriers combine assets to build inclusion around the globe. Star partnership covers 790 air terminals in 138 nations. †¢ Finally the brand trait, is likely there most impressive asset. â€Å"Singapore Girl you’re an extraordinary method to fly† Has been emphatically sustained throughout the most recent 32 years to be the most perceived brand and symbol in the aircraft business, Singapore Airline has numerous capacities that help there assets, these are: †¢ Latest mechanical and correspondence items connecting

Boise

Boise Boise boi ´se, â€"ze [key], city (1990 pop. 125,738), state capital and seat of Ada co., SW Idaho, on the Boise River; inc. 1864. The largest city in Idaho, Boise is an important trade and transportation center. Food processing and the manufacture of paper and wood products, computer hardware and software, semiconductors, and electronics are the major industries. Many state and federal government offices are there, as are Boise State Univ. and the Idaho State Historical Musuem. A gold rush in the Boise valley and the establishment of a military post in 1863 led to the founding of Boise City, which grew as a distribution center for miners and became the capital of Idaho Territory in 1864. Later, particularly with the building of Arrow Rock Dam (1911â€"15), the region was developed for farming, and Boise drew wealth from orchards and fields rather than mines. Increased irrigation, hydroelectric power, and flood control projects associated with the Boise River have increased the area's agricultural yield. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography

How to Write a Marketing Essay

How to Write a Marketing Essay Writing a marketing essay presupposes a certain style and certain principles of writing. First of all, when you start writing, you have to define for yourself what topic you are going to deal with and try to imagine the problem you write about to be in real life. I assure you, it makes the situation much easier. Once you stop thinking about a certain matter as some kind of abstract mathematical problem and imagine how all this looks or would have looked in reality, you will immediately find out many inconsistencies and sheer stupidities that otherwise avoided your attention. For example, once I had to read an essay in which the author proposed to combine the subsidiaries of an international corporation, located in different parts of the world, in one place for better coordination of policies. Though, it may look like a valid decision if you look for the answers to an abstract question â€Å"How to make the coordination between the different elements of a company easier†. In re al life, however, it instantly turns into sheer and utter nonsense. Be practical, be down-to-earth. You are not studying literature here, so you are supposed to be concise, matter-of-fact and realistic. Although your teacher understands that you are very unlikely to come up with some brilliant, novelty decision that no head of industry ever produced so far, but you are an economics student and have a sufficient amount of knowledge to give a suggestion, a solution or an idea that fits into the principles of economics. Show what you know, demonstrate your skills and erudition and your tutors will notice it. Stress the importance of your topic from the very beginning, make the reader interested in what you are going to say next. Most importantly – be original, don’t copy texts and ideas from other authors. There is nothing more humiliating, than to be discovered at picking other people’s brains.

Biography of Edward Blackbeard Teach, Pirate

Edward Teach (c. 1683–November 22, 1718), whose surname was spelled Thache and is better known as Blackbeard, was the most feared pirate of his day and perhaps the figure most often associated with the Golden Age of Piracy in the Caribbean—or piracy in general, for that matter. Fast Facts: Edward 'Blackbeard' Thache Known For: English privateer and pirate BlackbeardBorn: c.1683 in Gloustershire, EnglandParents: Captain Edward Thache, Sr. (1659–1706) and his first wife Elizabeth Thache (d. 1699)Died: November 22, 1718 off Ocracoke Island, North CarolinaSpouse(s): At least one in Jamaica, who died before 1721; he may have married a local girl in Bath, North Carolina in 1718Children: Elizabeth, who married Dr. Henry Barham in 1720 Blackbeard was a skilled pirate and businessman, who knew how to recruit and keep men, intimidate his enemies, and use his fearsome reputation to his best advantage. Blackbeard preferred to avoid fighting if he could, but he and his men were deadly fighters when they needed to be. He was killed on November 22, 1718, by English sailors and soldiers sent to find him. Early Life Blackbeard was born Edward Thache Jr. (pronounced Teach and alternately spelled Teach, Thatch, Theach, or Thach) in about 1683, in Gloucestershire, England up the Severn River from the port city of Bristol. He was one of at least two children of Captain Edward Thache, Sr. (1659–1706) and his first wife Elizabeth Thache (d. 1699).  Edward Sr. was a mariner who moved the family to a plantation in Jamaica, where the Thaches lived as a respectable family living not far from Port Royal in the old city of Spanish Town, also known as St. Jago de la Vega. In 1699, Edward Sr.s first wife Elizabeth died. He remarried six months later to Lucretia Ethell Axtell. They had three children, Cox (1700–1737), Rachel (born 1704), and Thomas (1705–1748). After his father died in 1706, Edward Jr. (Blackbeard) turned over his inheritance from  his father to his stepmother.   Edward Jr. (Blackbeard) was a mariner based in Kingston, Jamaica, and was married to a woman who probably died before 1721—records were not kept in Kingston until then. The couple had at least one surviving daughter, named Elizabeth, who married Dr. Henry Barham in 1720.  Blackbeards sister, also named Elizabeth, married a man named John Valiscure, in Jamaica, in 1707. The Life of a Pirate The main source used for Thaches biography is A General History of the Robberies and Murders of the Most Notorious Pyrates, a book published in May 1724 by Nathaniel Mist (a.k.a. Captain Charles Johnson). It was an overnight success and a second edition was published a few months later, and a third in 1725 and expanded fourth in 1726—many of the details in the latest edition were embroidered to be more salacious and sensational. Mist, who was a former sailor, printer, and journalist in London, based his tales on trial records, newspaper reports, and personal contact with retired pirates. Mist described Blackbeard as outrageous and scary, but many of his tales were overblown.  Since then, historical, genealogical and archaeological studies have pared back to the events that are likely to have happened. Edward Thache Jr. was a mariner by trade who served on a Royal Navy vessel, the HMS Windsor, as early as 1706. He became a privateer under the English flag at the end of Queen Annes War (1702–1713), a common gateway to piracy. Association With Hornigold Thache joined the crew of Benjamin Hornigold, at that time one of the most feared pirates of the Caribbean. Their earliest joint venture was after July 3, 1715, when a hurricane on the coast of Florida wrecked 11 ships, an entire flotilla of Spanish treasure galleons, dumping that treasure along the coastline. The entire community had been fishing the wrecks and raiding the Spanish salvage workers when the governor of Jamaica commissioned Thache and Hornigold to recover it for them. Hornigold saw great potential in Teach  and soon promoted him to his own command. With Hornigold in command of one ship and Teach in command of another, they could capture or corner more victims, and from 1716 to 1717 they were greatly feared by local merchants and sailors. Hornigold retired from piracy and accepted the Kings pardon in early 1717. Blackbeard and Stede Bonnet Stede Bonnet was a most unlikely pirate: he was a gentleman from Barbados with a large estate and family who decided he would rather be a pirate captain. He ordered a ship built, the Revenge, and fitted her out as if he were going to be a pirate hunter, but the minute he was out of port he hoisted the black flag and began looking for prizes. Bonnet did not know one end of a ship from the other and was a terrible captain. After a major engagement with a superior ship, the Revenge was in bad shape when they limped into Nassau sometime between August and October 1717. Bonnet was wounded, and the pirates on board begged Blackbeard, who was also in port there, to take command. The Revenge was a fine ship, and Blackbeard agreed. The eccentric Bonnet stayed on board, reading his books and walking the deck in his dressing-gown. Blackbeard on His Own Blackbeard, now in charge of two good ships, continued to prowl the waters of the Caribbean and North America. On November 17, 1717, he captured La Concorde, a large French slaving ship. He kept the ship, mounting 40 guns on it and naming it Queen Annes Revenge. The Queen Annes Revenge became his flagship, and before long he had a fleet of three ships and 150 pirates. Soon the name of Blackbeard was feared on both sides of the Atlantic and throughout the Caribbean. Blackbeard was much more intelligent than your average pirate. He preferred to avoid fighting if he could, and so cultivated a very fearsome reputation. He wore his hair long and had a long black beard. He was tall and broad-shouldered. During the battle, he put lengths of a slow-burning fuse in his beard and hair. This would sputter and smoke, giving him an altogether demonic look. He also dressed the part, wearing a fur cap or wide hat, high leather boots, and a long black coat. He also wore a modified sling with six pistols into combat. No one who ever saw him in action forgot it, and soon Blackbeard had an air of supernatural terror about him. Blackbeard in Action Blackbeard used fear and intimidation to cause his enemies to surrender without a fight. This was in his best interests, as the victimized ships could be utilized, valuable plunder was not lost and useful men such as carpenters or doctors could be made to join the pirate crew. Generally, if any ship they attacked surrendered peacefully, Blackbeard would loot it and let it go on its way, or put the men aboard some other ship if he decided to keep or sink his victim. There were exceptions, of course: English merchant ships were sometimes treated harshly, as was any ship from Boston, where some pirates had recently been hung. Blackbeard had a distinctive flag. It featured a white, horned skeleton on a black background. The skeleton is holding a spear, pointing at a red heart. There are red blood drops near the heart. The skeleton is holding a glass, making a toast to the devil. The skeleton obviously stands for death for enemy crews who put up a fight. The speared heart meant that no quarter would be asked or given. Blackbeards flag was designed to intimidate opposing ship crews into surrendering without a fight, and it probably did. Raiding the Spanish In the late part of 1717 and early part of 1718, Blackbeard and Bonnet went south to raid Spanish ships off Mexico and Central America. Reports from the time indicate that the Spanish were aware of the Great Devil off the coast of Veracruz who was terrorizing their shipping lanes. They did well in the region, and by spring of 1718, he had several ships and close to 700 men when they arrived in Nassau to split up the plunder. Blackbeard realized he could use his reputation to greater gain. In April 1718, he sailed north to Charleston, then a thriving English colony. He set up right outside Charleston harbor, capturing any ships that tried to enter or leave. He took many of the passengers aboard these ships prisoner. The population, realizing that none other than Blackbeard himself was off their shores, was terrified. He sent messengers to the town, demanding a ransom for his prisoners: a well-stocked chest of medicine, as good as gold to a pirate at the time. The people of Charleston happily sent it and Blackbeard left after about a week. Breaking up the Company Near the middle of 1718, Blackbeard decided he needed a break from piracy. He devised a plan to get away with as much of his loot as possible. On June 13th, he grounded the  Queen Annes Revenge  and one of his sloops off the coast of North Carolina. He left the Revenge there, and transferred all of the loot to the fourth and last ship of his fleet, marooning most of his men on an island that was visible from the mainland. Stede Bonnet, who had gone to unsuccessfully seek a pardon, returned to find that Blackbeard had absconded with all the loot. Bonnet rescued the marooned men and set off in search of Blackbeard, but never found him. A Pardon and Marriage Blackbeard and some 20 other pirates then went to see Charles Eden, the governor of North Carolina, where they accepted the Kings Pardon. In secret, however, Blackbeard and the crooked governor had made a deal. These two men realized that working together, they could steal far more than they could alone. Eden agreed to officially license Blackbeards remaining vessel, the  Adventure, as a war prize. Blackbeard and his men lived in a nearby inlet on Ocracoke Island, from which they occasionally sallied forth to attack passing ships. In the town of Bath, local lore is said to have married a young woman there and had several children. He and his shipmates provided the town with cash, black market goods, and manpower. On one occasion, the pirates took the French merchant ship the Rose Emelye loaded with cocoa and sugar: they sailed it to North Carolina, claimed they had found it afloat and abandoned, and shared the spoils with the governor and his top advisers. It was a crooked partnership that looked to enrich both men. Blackbeard and Vane In October 1718,  Charles Vane, leader of those pirates who had rejected Governor Woodes Rogers offer of a royal pardon, sailed north in search of Blackbeard, who he found on Ocracoke Island. Vane hoped to convince the legendary pirate to join him and reclaim the Caribbean as a lawless pirate kingdom. Blackbeard, who had a good thing going, politely declined. Vane did not take it personally and Vane, Blackbeard, and their crews spent a rum-soaked week on the shores of Ocracoke. Local merchants soon grew infuriated with a pirate operating  nearby  but were powerless to stop it. With no other recourse, they complained to Governor Alexander Spotswood of Virginia. Spotswood, who had no love for Eden, agreed to help. There were two British warships currently in Virginia: he hired 57 men off of them and put them under the command of Lieutenant Robert Maynard. He also provided two light sloops, the  Ranger  and the  Jane, to carry the soldiers into the treacherous inlets of North Carolina. In November, Maynard and his men set out to look for Blackbeard. Blackbeards Final Battle On November 22, 1718,  Maynard and his men found Blackbeard.  The pirate was anchored in Ocracoke Inlet and, fortunately for the marines, many of Blackbeards men were ashore including Israel Hands, Blackbeards second-in-command. As the two ships approached the Adventure, Blackbeard opened fire, killing several soldiers and forcing the  Ranger  to drop out of the fight. The Jane closed with the  Adventure  and the crews fought hand-to-hand. Maynard himself managed to wound Blackbeard twice with pistols, but the mighty pirate fought on, his cutlass in his hand. Just as Blackbeard was about to kill Maynard, a soldier rushed in and cut the pirate across the neck. The next blow took off Blackbeards head. Maynard later reported that Blackbeard had been shot no fewer than five times and had received at least 20 serious sword cuts. Their leader gone, the surviving pirates surrendered. About 10 pirates and 10 soldiers died: accounts vary slightly. Maynard returned victorious to Virginia with Blackbeards head displayed on the bowsprit of his sloop. Legacy Blackbeard had been seen as an almost supernatural force, and his death was a great boost to the morale of those areas affected by piracy. Maynard was hailed as a hero and would forever after be known as the man who had killed Blackbeard, even if he didnt do it himself. Blackbeards fame lingered long after he was gone. Men who had sailed with him automatically found positions of honor and authority on any other pirate vessel they joined. His legend grew with every retelling: according to some stories, his headless body swam around Maynards ship several times after it was thrown into the water following the last battle! Blackbeard was very good at being a pirate captain. He had the right mix of ruthlessness,  cleverness,  and charisma to be able to amass a mighty fleet and use it to his best advantage. Also, better than any other pirates of his time, he knew how to cultivate and use his image to maximum effect. During his time as a pirate captain, about a year and a half, Blackbeard terrorized the shipping lanes between the Americas and Europe, but there is no evidence that he ever killed anyone until his final battle. All told, Blackbeard had  little  lasting economic impact. He captured dozens of ships, its true, and his presence greatly affected transatlantic commerce for a time, but by 1725 or so the so-called Golden Age of Piracy was over as nations and merchants worked together to combat it. Blackbeards victims, the  merchants  and sailors, would bounce back and continue their business. In Fiction and Archaeology Blackbeards cultural impact, however, is tremendous. He still stands as the quintessential pirate, the fearsome, cruel specter of nightmares. Some of his contemporaries were better pirates than he was—Black Bart Roberts  took many more ships—but none had his personality and image, and many of them are all but forgotten today. Blackbeard has been the subject of several movies,  plays  and books, and there is a museum about him and other pirates in North Carolina. There is even a character named Israel Hands after Blackbeards second-in-command in  Robert Louis Stevensons  Treasure Island. Despite  little  solid evidence, legends persist of Blackbeards buried treasure, and people still search for it. The wreck of the  Queen Annes Revenge  was discovered in  1996  and has turned out to be a treasure trove of information and articles. The final report was published in 2018 as Blackbeards Sunken Prize: The 300-Year Voyage of Queen Annes Revenge. Among the findings reported by archaeologists Mark Wilde-Ramsing and Linda F. Carnes-McNaughton, are the wrecks nearly certain identification as the QAR, based on the location and the presence of 45 classes of late 17th and early 18th century artifacts, including the ships bell cast with a date of 1705, and a Swedish-made cannon with a date of manufacture of 1713. Evidence also indicates that Blackbeard dealt in slaves, who were kept as menial laboaers and perhaps elevated to crew status. Many of the more interesting relics found there are on display at the North Carolina Maritime Museum in nearby Beaufort. Sources Brooks, Baylus C. Born in Jamaica, of Very Creditable Parents or a Bristol Man Born? Excavating the Real Edward Thache, Blackbeard the Pirate. The North Carolina Historical Review 92.3 (2015): 235-77.Cordingly, David.  Under the Black Flag  New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks, 1996.Johnson, Captain Charles [pseudonym of Nathaniel Mist].  A General History of the Pyrates. Edited by Manuel Schonhorn. Mineola: Dover Publications, 1972/1999.Konstam, Angus.  The World Atlas of Pirates.  Guilford: The Lyons Press, 2009Wilde-Ramsing, Mark U., and Linda F. Carnes-McNaughton. Blackbeards Sunken Prize: The 300-Year Voyage of Queen Annes Revenge. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2018.Woodard, Colin.  The Republic of Pirates: Being the True and Surprising Story of the Caribbean Pirates and the Man Who Brought Them Down.  Mariner Books, 2008.

The Assylum Seeker Free Essays

My name is Ali and I come from Libya . After a week of roughing it on a empty carriage of a cargo train and then hiding on the deck of a fishing trawler I had arrived in England. Cold, frightened and hungry though I was, I had still made it! For the first time in many years a smile revisited my face. We will write a custom essay sample on The Assylum Seeker or any similar topic only for you Order Now As a man and woman accompanied by two children, strolled past, that moment of triumph quickly passed and soon was replaced with a great sadness for the family that I had left back in Libya. My wife and my two children, how were they coping? hat were they doing at this moment? A yawning pit of dread opened inside me as I walked down the ramps and through the docks. I was climbing the ladder of uncertainty. Countless questions swirled in my mind none of which I had the answer to. Were the people here friendly? Were they going to accept me, but most importantly would all my efforts bear fruit? Pushing these thoughts from my mind I nurtured the determination within me, letting it flare brightly. I was going to get in, my familly was counting on me. I would not let them throw me out without a fight. As I wandered through the streets people cast ugly glances at me and muttered in hushed tones. Blanking them, I carried on. A tall man dressed in black and wearing a funny looking black domed hat approached me. Trying to avoid a confrontation I walked quickly in the other direction. Glancing back I saw that the man was talking rapidly into a device in his hand and had started chasing after me. Not knowing what else to do, I stopped and put my hands in front of me disarmingly. Walking briskly up to me, he searched me, not finding anything he then promptly shoved me against the nearest wall and handcuffed me. Feeling confused and helpless I shouted and struggled, no one moved to help. How could they let this happen? Where was the local law enforcement? This was a regular occurance in Libya, but here as well? Only later that night in a county jail cell, (a jail cell which was warm and dry! ) was it made clear to me that the man who had handcuffed me was a police officer. That night I was given food and water and there was actually meat! Along with filling bread which smelled so delicious, Mmmmmm. I had never been so grateful in my life for this and ate with great care. The next day I was interrogated agonisingly. ‘Me seek a-ssylum. ‘ I said quickly. ‘Ok, ok. ‘ said the officer reassuringly. ‘What is your name? ‘ ‘Me Ali. ‘ I managed to stutter in broken English. ‘Where do you come from? ‘ asked the officer slowly. Repeating the question again, ‘W-h-e-r-e-d-o-y-o-u-c-o-m-e-f-r-o–m-? After a long pause, ‘I—- I–I, I c-ccome from Li-b-y-a. ‘ I said struggling. ‘Do you have any identification? ‘ asked the officer patiently. I shrugged helplessly, ‘Me see-eek ass-y–lum. ‘ I said again. At that moment the officer motioned to someone behind the door. A tall man with a hard set face entered the room. ‘This man is from the Home Office. ‘ said the officer. ‘He will evaluate your claim for assylum. ‘ ‘Come with me. ‘ said the man icily. I took a grateful breath of much needed fresh air as we stepped into the cold wet morning. Wasting no time we got into a black van and then drove for over an hour. Finally we reached our destination, a looming office building which rose over 30 metres in the air. My heart started beating faster as I got out of the van. Offering no reasurance and seemingly blind to my situation the man started for the building. Now heart in my throat, I quickly followed on legs that were about to collapse. All my previous resolve had dissapated and no matter how hard I tried I could not summon any back. An hour into the interview, I was sweating profoundly through every pore, by now my throat was parched and there was a vast wet patch on my backside and all along my back. The air itself seemed to be wrapping itself more and more tightly around me, suffocating me. Speaking in Arabic to the translator I made one last desperate speech. ‘Please, there is no element of freedom in our lives, my family works for a 14 hour day and still find it hard to buy the basic necessary essentials. Most importantly we see no future for our children, they need to focus on their education but they can’t, seeing as they have to work aswell as study in order for us to have enough money to live on. Rita who is ten years old wears the clothes that her sister has grown out of since we cannot afford new clothes. Neither I nor my wife want this life for our children. ‘ Slumping into my chair drained, I waited for the translator to translate what I had just said. The home office official stood up to make his decision, I tensed†¦.. As I stepped back into the fresh air I breathed out deeply. Being preoccupied with worry and anticipation, I became aware of the surroundings which I didn’t notice before, the flowers, the line of trees and towering buildings in the distance. This was a world apart from where I had grown up. I would lay down a new life here. Now to get my family through. How to cite The Assylum Seeker, Papers

Is It Glorious To Die For Youre Country Essays - France,

Is It Glorious To Die For Youre Country Is it glorious to die for your country?.... This question has been posed to many young people about to embark on war although the answer has usually been yes in response to their country due mainly to the fact that the government instills it in the people of the country to support one's country and one way is to send young abled bodied men into the army. If you were one individual that was not in favour of fighting for your country you would surely become an outcast by the countries people. To avoid ridicule and becoming outcasted by the people living around you, you would join the army just in the thought that you were obligated to for the sole sake of your country. Such thoughts were reinforced by the government promotion of propaganda. Glorifying death is not needed to be taught and should be up to the sole individual. School systems should teach an unbiased point of view of war to enable the child to make their own decision to fight for one's country. Is it Glorious to Die for your Country? Within the education system it was instructed to the teachers to teach the children at a young age during the brink of war to instill that their the life of the country and for them to defend their country against the enemy. Teachers showed being in a army was representing honour and the pride of the country. Guilt was laid on the students who showed rebellion by the teacher. Many times the teacher would try to show a soldier that looks happy and content trying to represent being a soldier makes you happy and content. Many young inexperienced soldiers were sent to training camps near the battle fields that they would soon be sent to fight, for their country and their life. The training camps were situated on similar enviroments that resembled the battle fields of where the fighting would take place. Reinforced displine to the young and ignorant men. Trench warfare is when many soldiers of opposing countries fight against each other across a vast desolate, dirt covered land, and the only sense of cover was to crouch in a usually water logged trench. The sense of death engulfed your very soul, the constant bombardment of shells echo in your mind long after it had ceased. On the Western front conditions were horrible to say the least, stench of death remained constantly in the air, bodies riddled with bullet wounds lay across the bottoms of the trenches, dismembered bodies scattered across the landscape and the sounds of agonizing and dying men echo across the battle grounds. Very limited rations offering very little in flavour was the only food available to the soldiers. Often raining, it caused muddy, damp conditions. The men staying in a trench filled with water and muddy conditions often caused such diseases as trench foot and trench mouth. Contagious diseases were spread quickly. Lack of cleaniness gave many soldiers lice and rats would run through the trenches feeding on the garbage and human wastes. Thousands of soldiers would line up under the cover of their trenches for a stretch of miles and wait for the leading officer to give the signal for the charge. When the signal was given the thousands of soldiers would all try to run across the no-man's land to attempt the breach of the enemies trench. This charge would be under constant machine gun fire and mortar shelling by the enemy. These kind of attacks usually failed maily due to the fact the odds were already stacked against the attacking party. The distances the charging men had to run to get to the enemies trench was far enough for the enemy to use it's constant shelling and it's machine gun fire to dwindle the attacking army significant enough for the attacking army to retreat. Counter attacks were quickly attempted after the attacks. The counter attacks were similiar to the actual attacks except the difference was that the counter attack involved the killing of the retreating of the enemy instead of attacking someone under the cover of the trench. During the war all

Ionization Energy of the Elements

Ionization Energy of the Elements The ionization energy, or ionization potential, is the energy required to completely remove an electron from a gaseous atom or ion. The closer and more tightly bound an electron is to the nucleus, the more difficult it will be to remove, and the higher its ionization energy will be. Key Takeaways: Ionization Energy Ionization energy is the amount of energy needed to completely remove an electron from a gaseous atom.Generally, the first ionization energy is lower than that required to remove subsequent electrons. There are exceptions.Ionization energy exhibits a trend on the periodic table. Ionization energy generally increases moving from left to right across a period or row and decreases moving top to bottom down an element group or column. Units for Ionization Energy Ionization energy is measured in electronvolts (eV). Sometimes the molar ionization energy is expressed, in J/mol. First vs Subsequent Ionization Energies The first ionization energy is the energy required to remove one electron from the parent atom. The second ionization energy is the energy required to remove a second valence electron from the univalent ion to form the divalent ion, and so on. Successive ionization energies increase. The second ionization energy is (almost) always greater than the first ionization energy. There are a couple of exceptions. The first ionization energy of boron is smaller than that of beryllium. The first ionization energy of oxygen is greater than that of nitrogen. The reason for the exceptions has to do with their electron configurations. In beryllium, the first electron comes from a 2s orbital, which can hold two electrons as is stable with one. In boron, the first electron is removed from a 2p orbital, which is stable when it holds three or six electrons. Both of the electrons removed to ionize oxygen and nitrogen come from the 2p orbital, but a nitrogen atom has three electrons in its p orbital (stable), while an oxygen atom has 4 electrons in the 2p orbital (less stable). Ionization Energy Trends in the Periodic Table Ionization energies increase moving from left to right across a period (decreasing atomic radius). Ionization energy decreases moving down a group (increasing atomic radius). Group I elements have low ionization energies because the loss of an electron forms a stable octet. It becomes harder to remove an electron as the atomic radius decreases because the electrons are generally closer to the nucleus, which is also more positively charged. The highest ionization energy value in a period is that of its noble gas. Terms Related to Ionization Energy The phrase ionization energy is used when discussing atoms or molecules in the gas phase. There are analogous terms for other systems. Work Function - The work function is the minimum energy needed to remove an electron from the surface of a solid. Electron Binding Energy - The electron binding energy is a more generic term for ionization energy of any chemical species. Its often used to compare energy values needed to remove electrons from neutral atoms, atomic ions, and polyatomic ions. Ionization Energy Versus Electron Affinity Another trend seen in the periodic table is electron affinity. Electron affinity is a measure of the energy released when a neutral atom in the gas phase gains an electron and forms a negatively charged ion (anion). While ionization energies may be measured with great precision, electron affinities are not as easy to measure. The trend to gain an electron increases moving from left to right across a period in the periodic table and decreases moving from top to bottom down an element group. The reasons electron affinity typically becomes smaller moving down the table is because each new period adds a new electron orbital. The valence electron spends more time further from the nucleus. Also, as you move down the periodic table, an atom has more electrons. Repulsion between the electrons makes it easier to remove an electron or harder to add one. Electron affinities are smaller values than ionization energies. This puts the trend in electron affinity moving across a period into perspective. Rather than a net release of energy when an electron is gain, a stable atom like helium actually requires energy to force ionization. A halogen, like fluorine, readily accepts another electron.

Short Grammar Activities for ESL Classes

Short Grammar Activities for ESL Classes These easy to implement and quick to execute grammar exercises are perfect to use in the ESL classroom when youre short on time but need to get your lesson across.   Jumbled Sentences Purpose: Word Order / Review Choose a number of sentences from the last few chapters (pages) that you have been working on in class. Make sure to choose a nice mixture including adverbs of frequency, time signifiers, adjectives, and adverbs, as well as multiple clauses for more advanced classes. Type (or write on the board) jumbled versions of the sentences and ask the students to reassemble them. Variation:  If you are focusing on specific grammar points, have the students explain why certain words are placed in certain places in a sentence. Example: If you are working on adverbs of frequency, ask students why often is placed as it is in the following negative sentence: He doesnt often go to the cinema. Finishing the Sentence Purpose: Tense Review Ask students to take a piece of paper out for a dictation. Ask students to finish the sentences that you begin. Students should complete the sentence you begin in a logical manner. Its best if you use connecting words to show cause and effect, conditional sentences are also a good idea. Examples: I like watching television because...Despite the cold weather,...If I were you,...I wish he... Listening for Mistakes Purpose: Improving Students Listening Abilities/Review Make up a story on the spot (or read something you have at hand). Tell students that they will hear a few grammatical errors during the story. Ask them to raise their hand when they hear an error made and correct the errors. Intentionally introduce errors into the story, but read the story as if the errors were perfectly correct. Variation:  Have students write down the mistakes you make and check the mistakes as a class when finished. Question Tag Interviews Purpose: Focus on Auxiliary Verbs Ask students to pair up with another student they feel they know reasonably well. Ask each student to prepare a set of ten different questions using question tags about that person based on what they know about him/her. Make the exercise more challenging by asking that each question is in a different tense (or that five tenses are used, etc.). Ask students to respond with short answers only. Examples: Youre married, arent you? - Yes, I am.You came to school yesterday, didnt you? - Yes, I did.You havent been to Paris, have you? - No, I havent.

How Far Is Globalization an Unstoppable Force That Will Destroy Or Essay

How Far Is Globalization an Unstoppable Force That Will Destroy Or Marginalize the Nation-state - Essay Example This report stressses that the post-Second World War international economic order is characterized by the rise of intergovernmental organizations, such as the United Nations (UN), International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank and World Trade Organization (WTO), among others. Multilateralism and trade liberalization appeared to fight the economic depression after the war. However, these institutions have been questioned in the pessimist view of globalization. TAll the authors considered in this essay acknowledge the influence of globalization in the nation-state. Although globalization is an unstoppable force, it will not destroy the nation-state. However, the changes are significant and undeniable. The possibility of a marginalization of the nation-state, due to the forces of global institutions and markets, depends on the role of each state to manage globalization and the processes involved in it, according to the social and economic objectives of a nation-state, which keeps its sovereignty. Globalization implies risks and hazards, but it can be channelled to support national objectives. To avoid the negative influence of free trade, it is important that nation-states recover the concern on people’s interest. A continuous debate on the global economic regime is essential to reinforce the role of the state. In this globalising era, nation-states not only are able to survive, but also may strengthen their national identity with an increase of hybrid identities and cosmopolitan features.

Effects of Green and Blue Light on the Rate of Photosynthesis Lab Report

Effects of Green and Blue Light on the Rate of Photosynthesis - Lab Report Example This essay stresses that since photosynthesis and respiration occur simultaneously, the amount of oxygen generated by the former is cut back by the amount the former consumes. The difference between gross photosynthesis and the amount of oxygen consumed during respiration is referred to as net photosynthesis. This experiment aims to establish the dependence of net photosynthesis on light levels. This paper declares that the first experiment was conducted using the following procedure: Each group cut 10–12 leaf disks from the English Ivy leaves using the paper punch over the weighing paper. This was done to ensure that all the disks are of uniform size. Only those with no tissue damage (jagged edges) were used in the experiment. The next step involved using the syringes to drive out air from the leaf disks. This was done removing the plunger and inserting the disks in the syringe. After this the infiltration solution was added into the syringe up to the 6 ml mark, and the plunger inserted and depressed to remove air. We then covered the tip of the syringe with thumbs and drew the plunger back to create a vacuum for five seconds. The thumb was removed, and the plunger depressed severally until the leaf disks sank. This procedure was repeated to produce four sets of leaf disks for the four replicas of the experiment, hence bringing the sample size to 80. In conducting th e actual experiment, each group added 50 ml of bicarbonate buffer solution into the cylinder and then emptied the infiltration solution and leaf disks from one syringe into the beaker. ... Experiment 1 Materials The materials used in the first experiment were: Leaves (English Ivy) Paper punch Blunt probe Eight 100 ml beakers Bicarbonate solution Infiltration solution 10 ml syringes Cheese cloth Source of light (normal) Stop watches Ruler Calculator Ice bath Blue and green color filters (four of each) Refrigerator Graduate cylinder Weighing paper Method The first experiment was conducted using the following procedure: Each group cut 10–12 leaf disks from the English Ivy leaves using the paper punch over the weighing paper. This was done to ensure that all the disks are of uniform size. Only those with no tissue damage (jagged edges) were used in the experiment. The next step involved using the syringes to drive out air from the leaf disks. This was done removing the plunger and inserting the disks in the syringe. After this the infiltration solution was added into the syringe up to the 6 ml mark, and the plunger inserted and depressed to remove air. We then cover ed the tip of the syringe with thumbs and drew the plunger back to create a vacuum for five seconds. The thumb was removed, and the plunger depressed severally until the leaf disks sank. This procedure was repeated to produce four sets of leaf disks for the four replicas of the experiment, hence bringing the sample size to 80. In conducting the actual experiment, each group added 50 ml of bicarbonate buffer solution into the cylinder and then emptied the infiltration solution and leaf disks from one syringe into the beaker. We then added the rest of the bicarbonate solution into the reaction beaker, discarding leaf disks that did not sink. This was done using 8 beakers, each containing 10

Type Of Microprocessors For Desktop Computer Science Essay

Type Of Microprocessors For Desktop Computer Science Essay This reports body is divided into two main sections. One section will explain a different topic from another. In each section, there are introductions to the topic, explanation, conclusion, and FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions). Section one will explain about memory management in operating system, which is Windows 7 32-bit. There are 2 memories that will be covered in this section including their technology in management also, physical memory and virtual memory. Analysis about limitations of the technologies and solutions to overcome them are included. Section two will cover about the design and performances of microprocessors. There is a list, consisted of 5 major trends affecting the microprocessor performance. Besides that, microprocessors are explained further through the types of modern microprocessor, which are separated into the usage in desktop, laptop, or server. The differences in design and features between the desktops, laptops, servers, and embedded systems are included at the end of the section. Section 1 (One) : Operating System Memory Management Introduction Windows 7 is the latest release of operating system which is introduced by Microsoft in July of 2009 It was preceded by Windows XP and Windows Vista. The purpose of the development of Windows 7 is on personal computers, including desktops, laptops, and tablet PCs. Windows 7 has not so much difference from predecessor Windows Vista. Windows 7 adapts some features that Windows Vista already introduced before, but 7 was intended to be more focused on improvement compatibility with applications and hardware with which Vista already compatible. Microsoft also always tries to improve security in each generation of Windows operating system. Since the generation of Windows Vista, it actually works. Windows operating systems have become more secure and more susceptible from viruses, especially Windows 7. This report will cover about Windows 7 32-bits memory management. This report will also explain further about Windows 7s management of physical memory and virtual memory. Memory Management Memory management is planned organization of programs and data into the memory. The objectives of memory management are not only to easier for programs to find space to be loaded and executed, as simple as possible, but also to maximize the use to reduce memory waste. There are two kinds of memory management, physical memory management and virtual memory management. Physical memory, known as RAM (Random Access Memory), is a form of dynamic computer storage. RAM allows the computer to store data for quick retrieval and run multiple programs at once. This memory has capacities and types which vary and will depend on the computers motherboard. Virtual memory on the other hand, has the work to compensate the lack of RAM needed to run an application or an operation. Virtual memory combines the computers RAM and the temporary space on hard disk together. When RAM runs low, virtual memory will move data from RAM to a space called a paging file. Then it moves the data to and from the paging file to free up RAM. Physical Memory Management Physical memory  management is a memory management technique that uses RAM (Random Access Memory) as its resource to handle all of the processes in the computer. So, all the processes will be divided into smaller parts and they will be loaded into physical memory that later will be processed. System Paging In System Paging, the operating system or Windows will retrieve the data from secondary storage called as pages, and then Windows will use the paging file as a temporary storage for the memory dump. As the system reboots, Windows will copy the memory dump into a separate file, and then frees the space that was used before. Since Windows Vista onwards, Windows operating system had been improved a lot better in its physical memory management as in improvements for input-output speed and performance and more efficient and effective memory management. Windows 7 implements a technique related to physical memory management which is called Microsoft SuperFetch. Microsoft SuperFetch Microsoft SuperFetch is a technology that helps Windows to manage the amount of RAM (Random Access Memory) in the machine it runs on more efficiently. SuperFetch was introduced first in Windows Vista and still holds an important part in Windows 7s physical memory management. A less capable version, called PreFetcher, is included in Windows XP. SuperFetch tries to make sure often-accessed data can be read from the fast RAM instead of the slow hard drive. SuperFetch has two goals. The first is, it will decrease boot time as in SuperFetch will record which data and files need to be accessed at which times, and stores this data in a trace file. During consecutive boots, this information is used to make the loading of files become more efficient, resulting in shorter boot times. The Second goal is SuperFetch will make sure the applications that you use the most will be loaded more efficiently. SuperFetch will also adapt itself to your usage patterns and put it into account. SuperFetch does this by pre-loading your most often used applications in your main memory, based on not only usage patterns, but also on when  you use them. For example, if a user has the same routine every morning, he will run the Mozilla Firefox and browse the Facebook, SuperFetch will pre-load these into memory in the morning. And then comes the evening, the routine will be different, like he will run iTunes and plays his playlist, SuperFetch will adapt, and load those in memory instead during the evening. Analysis Microsoft SuperFetch can give memory manager a hand to divide an often used program into priorities. So it will become more responsive and of course save some time. Despite on its advantages, SuperFetch has some limitations. The limitation is that SuperFetch will spend the leftover free memory on a low-priority applications and processes. The effect will occur when the user tries to run a high resolution video or high performance game, the effects will slow down the computer because there are no more or very few free memories left. Solution Microsoft SuperFetch need to have some reserved memory for some applications that require a lot of memory in their processes. SuperFetch should allocate the free memory for the high performance processes also, without neglecting the existence of low priority processes in the free memory. It does not have to be balance exactly, but an equal allocation for processes is a must. Virtual Memory Management Virtual Memory Management is a memory management technique that is made of various hardware memory devices such as RAM modules and disk storage drives. Virtual memory is used to help physical memory to execute more processes because some pieces of processes are loaded to physical memory and other pieces will be loaded into virtual memory, so physical memory can handle more processes and will be in ready state at any particular time and also virtual memory can handle a process that may be larger than physical memory by loading some required pieces and then the rest pieces of processes will be loaded onto virtual memory. Demand paging Demand paging is one of the virtual memory management technique that load some part of the processes into virtual memory instead of load all part of the processes into physical and virtual memory and later the part of the process from virtual memory will be brought it into physical memory when its need the rest of parts of process. Operating System such as Windows is using demand paging as its virtual management technique but there are some problems in managing virtual memory in the demand paging at Windows XP and previous versions had and the solutions has been provided by Windows 7. Kernel address space Windows Kernel virtual address space is allocated into 2 sections, which are User address space and Kernel address space. Important resources in Kernel address space are adjusted according to the operational requirements. The sizes and locations of the resources are included as a management of virtual memory arranged by the operating system. Analysis In Windows XP and its previous versions, Kernel address space had been allocated statically into some fixed sizes and locations, so it will have some major problems in case that one or more of the resources oversized than its size allocation. The processes will not work well as usual in result. In Windows Vista and 7, the problems have been overcome by expanding the size and provide the size and location for the resources together. Nowadays, in Windows 7, Kernel address space shares the same space and is no longer divided into some sections. But it still have some limitations, the space is not dynamic enough to handle a very oversized resource. The same result of previous version of Windows still might be occurred. Solution Kernel virtual address space should be dynamic enough to overcome any possibilities. The user address space is a space that will not be unavailable each time, so it does not mean it cannot be available to handle some oversized-resources problem. The virtual memory space should be dynamic enough to let user address space to share a little space for the Kernel address space. Conclusion Windows 7 uses same techniques in memory management with previous versions of Windows which are System Paging in physical memory management and Demand Paging in virtual memory management. Microsoft develops a technology to help physical memory manager to work more efficient, which is called Microsoft SuperFetch. For the virtual memory manager itself, the allocations of the Kernel address space has been better since the introduction of Windows Vista and better in Windows 7 though it still has some limitations. FAQ What is Windows 7? Answer: is the latest release of Microsoft Windows for use as an operating system on personal computers, including home and business desktops, laptops, netbooks, and tablet PCs. What is the benefit of Microsoft SuperFetch? Answer: Microsoft SuperFetch can give memory manager a hand to divide an often used program into priorities. So it will become more responsive and of course save some time. How exactly the virtual memory works? Answer: Virtual memory is used to help physical memory to execute more processes because some pieces of processes are loaded to physical memory and it can handle a process that may be larger than physical memory by loading some required pieces and then the rest pieces of processes will be loaded onto virtual memory. Section 2 (Two) : Microprocessors Introduction Microprocessor is the main brain of a computer. Microprocessor is also known as the Central Processing Unit (CPU) that has main function to respond to and to generate arithmetical and logical operations.   The microprocessor is the heart of any normal computer, whether it is a  desktop machine, a laptop, or a server. Microprocessor is a complete computation engine that is fabricated on a single chip. The first microprocessor was the Intel 4004 which is introduced in 1971. The 4004 was not very powerful. But at that time it was quite an invention since everything was on one chip. Even though the 4004 powered one of the first portable electronic calculators, all it could do was to add and subtract. Nowadays, there have been a lot of improvements in modern microprocessors. This report will cover some areas such as major trends affecting microprocessor performance and design in recent years and differences between microprocessors design goals for laptops, servers, desktops and embedded systems. Microprocessor Performance Since microprocessor has an important main role in the entire computers work and performance, then it is also important to concern about the performance of the processor itself. As time goes by, performances of microprocessor have always been improved to be better in architecture, faster in speed, smaller in size, and lower in energy consumption. Microprocessor at this time is built and developed to meet those requirements. In purpose to meet those requirements, there are some measurements and factors that affect microprocessor performance. Some of the major trends affecting the microprocessors performance are: Clock speed Microprocessors job is to process tasks/instructions and executes them. How fast a microprocessor can do its job to complete a cycle of task from when its retrieved from its  memory, determines what actions the instruction requires, and carries out those actions matters because it measures the performance of the microprocessor itself. The clock speed is stated in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz), and is a measure of how many instructions the processor can execute in one second. For example, a three Gigahertz (GHz) processor can operate at a rate of three billion cycles per second. The more cycles a processor can handle per second, the faster the clock can pump the current and the better the performance of the microprocessor. Number of Cores Number of cores will first determine whether it is a single-core microprocessor or multi-cores microprocessor. Multi-cores microprocessor is designed to have more than one core integrated to a single chip. Multi-cores microprocessor allows a complex instruction to be divided into some simple instructions to each of its cores, so that the instructions can be executed faster. Microprocessors such as Intel core i7 and AMD Phenom II X4 are examples of modern multi-core microprocessors. Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) Instruction set tells how to execute duties and works in the processor. Together with processor architecture will affect performance so it means the better instruction set and processor architecture the better performance of processor will get. Instruction Per Clock (IPC) IPC is the average number of  instructions executed for each clock cycle. IPC massively depends on the architectural design of the microprocessor and its number of transistors. A microprocessor with high clock speed is meaningless without IPC. It is pointless to have a fast-speed microprocessor if it can only execute four or five instructions. On-Board Cache Processors have resources to get their data from, which is the computers Random Access Memory (RAM). After the data is retrieved by the processor, it will copy and send it to a cache. The cache acts as a temporary information way station. Nowadays, the architecture of a microprocessor provides an on-board cache which is internal RAM that is built directly into the processor. Rather than requesting data from the RAM continuously, the CPU is allowed to access used data directly from its own on-board memory instead. This way, CPU can access and process data faster and more accurate. Its very effective for the applications that need high performance such as games, video player, etc. Type of Microprocessors for Desktop, Laptop, and Server Desktop Intel Core i5 (2nd Generation) Intel Core i5 (2nd Generation) is included in the family of Intel Core Processors. It is a newly-developed processor after being preceded by the first generation. Intel Core i5 (2nd Generation) was launched first at January 9th 2011 together with Intel Core i7 (2nd Generation) and are based on Sandy Bridge microarchitecture, unlike the first generation. This microprocessor has features such as, Intel Turbo Boost Technology 2.0, a later version which is better at accelerating performance than the first generations version 1.0; Intel HD Graphics 3000 that integrates high-performance graphics and media processing on the processor, putting the two components which is CPU processing and graphics on a single chip. Laptop Inter Core i5 Mobile (2nd Generation) Intel Core i5 Mobile (2nd Generation) does not have much differences from Intel Core i5 (2nd Generation) except it is designed for laptops so that there will be a difference in its design and architecture that will adapt with the power consumption and energy efficiency. This microprocessor also has the same features like the desktop version, for example Intel Turbo Boost Technology 2.0 and Intel HD Graphics 3000. Server Intel Xeon E7 Intel Xeon E7 is multi-core microprocessor that is targeted for non-customer, server and workstation markets. It has 10 cores processing that enables improved virtualization performance and increasing system utilization. This microprocessor is also based on the newly-developed Sandy Bridge microarchitecture which is up to 17% faster clock-for-clock compared to Nehalem microarchitecture processors of the previous generation. Differences between Microprocessor Design for Desktops, Laptops, Servers, and Embedded Systems Desktops Desktop computers can be said as normal media in computer usage. Desktops have advantages in their access to AC electricity as power source. So, theyre become beneficial to users who want to utilize the best performance of computer. That is why desktops microprocessors do not have to limit their clock speed and referring to the spaces that desktops have for cooling fans, heat problem will not become an issue. Desktops microprocessors are designed to improve the computers performance. So, they will consume more energy than laptops. But the size of them is still smaller than microprocessors that are designed for servers. Laptops Laptops are designed to be used on the go. The criteria are to be flexible so it can be brought anywhere, anytime. So, battery power is the main source of a laptops life. Other than that, overheating is also a main issue since laptops size that does not provide a large space for cooling fans. These criteria and issues become a consideration of why there must be a differentiation in laptops microprocessors. Laptops microprocessors are designed to minimize the power consumption, so that the battery life could last as long as possible. In purpose to overcome the heat problem, laptops processors usually have lower clock speed than the desktop version. As the clock speed is lower, the laptops processors may have a lower bus speed as well. Most of the modern mobile microprocessors have some components to the chips, such as wireless networking cards. Desktop microprocessors could have these as well, but the space requirements of a laptop make these integrated chips way much more popular in laptops. Servers Servers must be available and stable every time. Servers have an important role to store and load important data so everyone in the company can access the server every time. Server microprocessors are designed to overcome issues such as, stability, server uptime, and energy consumption. Servers are usually high-end computer since there are a lot of heavy tasks that needed to be completed. The size of the microprocessors is usually a bit larger than desktops and laptops, regarding to handle the tasks and the electricity consumption. That is also a cause of why server microprocessors will become more sensitive to the heat issue. Overheated- microprocessor will decrease servers performance, so there is another method to take care this issue, like putting the server computers in a room with air conditioners in it to maintain the heat issue. Embedded Systems Embedded systems are predefined systems that specifically can do one or more functions but they are limited based on the purposes. Embedded system cannot be changed by the end user because in case if that is changed, then the embedded system will not run appropriately. Examples of the embedded systems are such as, handphone, calculator, etc. Embedded system will need the microprocessor based on the functionality that it held, the more functions it held, a more powerful the processor that it will need. This happens because the microprocessor will run a lot of instructions from the user, and it will need a capable microprocessor which can do a lot of processes in a short time. The less function it held, there will be reasons to have such a standard microprocessor to save more energy and production cost. Conclusion Microprocessor has an important role as the main brain and operates the processes in computer. Without a microprocessor, a computer cannot do anything. That is why the performance of the microprocessor itself becomes the main priority for the user. There are some major trends affecting the microprocessor performance, which are clock speed, number of cores, instruction set architecture, instruction per clock, and on board cache. Though its main function is the same, computers type varies because of their purposes. So the type of microprocessors will vary also based on their purposes. Type of microprocessors will have a slight difference between one and another because of the design. There are each design for laptops, desktops, servers, and embedded systems. FAQ What is microprocessor? Answer: Microprocessor is the main brain of a computer. Microprocessor is also known as the Central Processing Unit (CPU) that has main function to respond to and to generate arithmetical and logical operations. Microprocessor is a complete computation engine that is fabricated on a single chip. Which are major factors that affecting microprocessors performance? Answer: a. Number of Cores b. Clock Speed c. Instruction Set Architecture d. Instruction per Clock e. On-Board Cache How different are microprocessors for desktops, laptops, and servers? Answer: Microprocessors are different in for what purpose the computers are used. Microprocessor for desktops will optimize the performance, for laptops will consider about energy saving and power consumption, and for servers will have more than 6 cores considering the quantities and weight of the processes. Appendices The picture above is a diagram that shows the division of Kernel address space

“Coming of Age”

In life most people just cannot wait for the chance of becoming a â€Å"grown up†. Anticipating the chance to have more independence and the opportunity to do things that were perceived as being mature and cool. While growing up, the people suffer through a set of changes as they develop a sexually mature adult body. While these changes are primarily physical in nature, profound mental, emotional and social, changes also occur as youth adapt to their maturing bodies. A young Jewish girl who had to go into hiding during the Second World War to escape from the persecution of the Nazis suffered a lot.Although rejected and isolated, she didn? t stop showing signs of coming of age as a normal girl such as having an imaginary friend, entering puberty and having sexual curiosity. First of all, Kitty, Anne? s diary, came to help to deal in the time of transition. Young children often have imaginary friends. Anne Frank, after she followed her family into hiding, never enjoyed this luxu ry. Her diary became Anne? s friend, her retreat from a microcosm imposed upon her and the seven other Jews imprisoned in the loft because of Hitler’s master plan of genocide against Jews and other groups.Even before the Franks entered the loft, Anne had named her diary â€Å"Kitty. †Ã‚   (Shuman). Kitty helps Anne deal with the huge change and the reader sees it when she writes to her about the Annex. â€Å"I’ve probably bored you with my long description of our house, but I still think you should know where I’ve ended up† (Frank 25) and when how her world turned upside down because of the sudden change. â€Å"It seems like years since Sunday morning. So much has happened it’s as if the whole world had suddenly turned upside down. But as you can see, Kitty, I’m still alive† (Frank 19).In these two quotes, Anne is telling Kitty that a lot have happened and she doesn’t feel comfortable being in hideout but at least she is still alive and has a friend who can tell everything. In writing to Kitty, Frank is trying to reach out to the normal world beyond her confined quarters. She misses school and her old friends. As the youngest in the secret annex, she is treated with condescension by the adults and sometimes scolded for her boisterousness. To overcome these feelings of isolation, she invents a friend in whom she can confide (Furst). I hope I will be able to confide everything to you, as I have never been able to confide in anyone† (Frank 1). During her time in the annex Anne feels that despite having her parents, it’s better to tell everything to Kitty. † Paper has more patience than people† (Frank 6). The Jewish girl feels that no one interested of what a thirteen year-old girl has to say and it’s better to write what she feels without fear of being judged and that was really hard for her because of being Jewish in times of the Holocaust. After Germany invaded Nether lands and the government began to persecute Jews.Anne dropped her studies and lost contact with all her Jewish friends. During hideout, Kitty acted as Anne’s trusted confident when there was no one else to tell her secrets to. Kitty provided comfort in times of stress and companionship when she was lonely. â€Å"I hope you will be a great source of comfort and support† (Frank 1). Anne Frank was a popular girl in the school but she felt like she didn’t have a lots of friends and that’s one of the reasons why she had such a strong relationship with Kitty. The reader later learns that neither Mrs.Frank nor Margot offered much to Anne in the way of emotional support and even though Anne’s father tried everything he could, he failed. â€Å"And yet for a long time I’ve felt extremely lonely, left out, neglected and misunderstood. Father did everything he could to curb my rebellious spirit, but it was no use†¦ Why didn’t father support me in my struggle? Why did he fall short when he tried to offer me a helping hand? The answer is: he used the wrong methods. He always talked to me as if I were a child going through a difficult phase† (Frank 329).Anne does realize that her father did try to help her but he failed; although Kitty didn’t. Kitty was always with her. † So far you truly have been a great source of comfort to me, and so has Kitty, whom I now write to regularly. This way of keeping a diary is much nicer, and now I can hardly wait for those moments when I’m able to write in you. Oh, I’m so glad I brought you along! † (Frank 1). Furthermore, during her concealment from the German soldiers, Anne started to show physical signs of growing up as her body started to change.Anne Frank? s puberty began when she was 13 years old. Her breasts started to developed and because of the change, she had a terrible urge to feel her breast at night in bed. In addition, hair began to g row, and at the end Anne finally got her period. â€Å"I think that what’s happening to me is so wonderful, and I don’t just mean the changes taking place on the outside of my body, but also those on the inside. I never discuss myself or any of these things with others, which is why I have to talk about them to myself.Whenever I have my period (and that’s only been three times), I have the feeling that in spite of all the pain, discomfort and mess, I’m carrying around a sweet secret† (Frank 160). At many points in her diary, the young girl expresses her desire to grow up so that her family take her seriously and she hopes to have her period thinking of it as physical sign of adulthood would make others respect her. When her period didn? t brought her family to respect her maturity, she continued to enjoy it as a â€Å"sweet secret†. At the time she made her first entries into her now-famous diary, she was pampered and immature (Shauman).Duri ng Anne’s changes, the reader feels that she is no longer a naive kid because she leaves her normal childhood behind and becomes more mature and thoughtful due to the unusual circumstances of the Holocaust. â€Å"I was suffering then (and still do) from moods that kept my head under water (figuratively speaking) and allowed me to see things only from my own perspective, without calmly considering what the others- those whom I, with my mercurial temperament, had hurt or offended- had said, and then acting as they would have done† (Frank 157-158).This quote shows that Anne began to grow up, reflecting more objectively on her own behaviour. Puberty is not only changes in the person body but it’s also a transition from childhood to adulthood. One cause of the sudden change in Anne was war. â€Å"The war is going to go on despite our quarrels and our longing for freedom and fresh air, so we should try to make the best to stay here. I’m preaching, but I also b elieve that if I live here much longer I’ll turn into dried-up old beanstalk. And all I really want is to be an honest-to-goodness teenager! † (Frank 169). Anne believes that war has made her grow old too quickly.She lost her chance to be a young person, enjoying life. As part of Anne’s development into a young adult, she started to develop an identity separated from her parents and a capacity of decision-making. She started to experience teenage rebellion mostly towards her mother. â€Å"Margot and Mother’s personalities are so alien to me. I understand my girlfriends better than my own mother. Isn’t that a shame? † (Frank 42). This is one of the first times that Anne expresses a typical adolescent sentiment that she can relate to her friends better than to her own family.Throughout the diary, Anne presents her mother in a negative and judgemental fashion. Anne sees her mother as an irritating figure of authority and she frequently wrote of her difficult relationship with her. One reason why Anne has problems with her mother is because Mrs. Frank sees Anne as a friend. †I’ve suddenly realized what’s wrong with her. Mother has said that she sees us more as friends than as daughters. That’s all very nice, of course, except that a friend can’t take the place of a mother.I need my mother to set a good example and be a person I can respect, but in most matters she’s an example of what not to do† (Frank 159). Anne tells Kitty that she needs a mother that possesses a great deal of tact, especially towards her adolescent children, and not one who pokes fun at her when she cries. Finally, as Anne continues to grow, she develops the sense of gender differences and also the curiosity of the body. During her hideout, Anne complains that it? s really easy to see exactly what a naked man looks like because of pictures, but it’s really hard to see a naked picture of a woman. Every time I see a female nude, such as the Venus in my history book, I go into ecstasy. Sometimes I find them so exquisite I have to struggle to hold back my tears. If I only had a girlfriend! † (Frank 161). That? s probably one of the reasons that she touched herself when she was in the annex. The reader also finds out that, before going into hiding, Anne had a sexual curiosity about the human body. â€Å"Unconsciously, I had these feelings even before I came here. Once when I was spending the night at Jacque’s, I could no longer restrain my curiosity about her body†¦I asked wether, as a proof of our friendship, we could touch each other’s breasts. Jacque refused. I also had a terrible desire to kiss her, which I did† (Frank 161). Through her thoughts expressed to Kitty, the reader appreciates that Anne was growing up really fast. The young girl was in the stage of trying to find love and have a relationship. When Anne talks about her love life, things g ets confusing because there were multiple Peters during Anne’s short life. When Anne was thirteen she already had boys on the brain and she had a lot of admirers. I have a throng of admirers who can’t keep their adoring eyes off me and who sometimes have to resort to using a broken pocket mirror to try and catch a glimpse of me in the classroom† (Frank 7). Anne does seem to be a male magnet and before going into the annex, she experienced a relationship with a sixteen-year-old guy named Peter Schiff; however their relationship soon ended because Anne was too young. After going into hiding, she met Peter Van Daan, a shy boy in the annex that Anne has no taste for at first. However later in the diary, Anne begins having dreams of Peter Schiff. I immediately remembered what I’d been dreaming about. I was sitting on a chair and across from me was Peter†¦ Peter Schiff† (Frank 162). Those dreams that Anne had, mark what she thinks to be a significant change in herself. â€Å"I (there I go again! ) don’t know what’s happened, but since my dream I keep noticing how I’ve changed† (Frank 170). Those changes are a result of increased interest in romantic love and sex. It seems that Anne started to realize that she wanted love and companionship so desperately that she blinded herself to who Peter Van Daan really was. No, I think about Peter much more than I do Father. I know very well that he was my conquest, and not the other way round. I created an image of him in my mind, pictured him as a quiet, sweet, sensitive boy badly in need of friendship and love! I needed to pour out my heart to a living person. When I finally got him to be my friend, it automatically developed into an intimacy that, when I think about it now, seems outrageous. (Frank 330). The fourteen-years-old girl initiates a healthy curiosity about a natural part of growing up. â€Å"A very strange thing has happened to me.Before I came her e, whenever anyone at home or at school talked about sex, they were either secretive or disgusting. Any words having to do with sex were spoken in a low whisper. That struck me as odd, and I often wondered why people were so mysterious or obnoxious when they talked about this subject† (Frank 172). The young girl is in a mature stage where she really doesn’t see why people laugh or get mysterious about the subject and she really wants to know about sex. Before going into hiding, she tried to ask her friends about the subject. â€Å"I said as little as possible or asked my girlfriends for information† (Frank 172-173).Also, Anne asked her parents, but they were not open about sex and sexuality and that’s why she decided to ask Peter about sex and later she talks to Margot in the bathroom. In the end, Anne Frank died in early March 1945, in a concentration camp. During hiding, Annelies Frank never could get use to the annex and she always felt lonely and misun derstood. Even though she had a horrific childhood, that didn’t stop the enthusiastic young girl to experience normal teenage phases such as having an imaginary companion, facing mental & physical changes, and possessing sexual curiosity.Work Cited ? Frank, Annelies Marie. THE DIARY OF A YOUNG GIRL ANNE FRANL. THE DEFINITIVE EDITION. United States of America: Penguin Books, 1995. 341. ? Shuman, R. Baird, . â€Å"The Diary of a Young Girl. †Ã‚  Literary Reference Center. EBSCO, n. d. Web. 29 May 2012. ? Furst, Lilian R. â€Å"The Diary of a Young Girl. †Ã‚  Literary Reference Center. EBSCO, n. d. Web. 30 May 2012. ? Shauman, R. Baird. â€Å"Anne Frank. †Ã‚  Literary Reference Center. EBSCO, n. d. Web. 30 May 2012. Coming of age Coming of age On January 1 9th, 2008 1 was the happiest person alive. It was very hot and sunny out.. I remember how nice of weather it was. My family and I had taken a vacation to Florida and it was one of the best experiences of my life. 7 years was a long time ago, but still remember every single detail about that trip. On that day, one of the best things ever in my life happened. Even though most people don't think this Is a big deal, It was a very big deal to me.When I was In Elementary school my friends would always ask me if I wanted to go biking around the neighborhood.. I would always have to say no because I did not know how to ride a bike. As much as I tried to learn how, I would always give up. Nothing would work. I was the last of my friends to learn how to ride a bike. It always made me sad watching people bike down the road.. Wishing I knew how to do that. Then one day, my cousin Lexis who Is 2 years younger than me decided she was going to teach me how to ride a bike. E Insisted on It. â€Å"Ally! You're missing out on so much You need to learn† The whole day I thought to myself how many people have tried to teach me how to ride a bike and failed. It was hopeless. I was positive I wasn't going to learn anytime soon.. Maybe even never. Later that day, Lexis came over with her bike, and I had mine. Every minute that went by felt like an hour. Even though I could see the disappointment on her face, she wasn't going to give up on me. Finally, there was hope.She had done it! We had done it.. I had done it. I was biking down the sidewalk with the biggest smile on my face. I had finally learned how to ride a bike without training wheels. I could finally ride one on my own and be like the rest of the kids. I remember being full of joy that day and riding my bike the whole day long. On that day, I felt different, I felt as if a huge weight had just been lifted off my shoulders. It was an amazing feeling that I'll definitely never forget. â€Å"Coming of Age† In life most people just cannot wait for the chance of becoming a â€Å"grown up†. Anticipating the chance to have more independence and the opportunity to do things that were perceived as being mature and cool. While growing up, the people suffer through a set of changes as they develop a sexually mature adult body. While these changes are primarily physical in nature, profound mental, emotional and social, changes also occur as youth adapt to their maturing bodies. A young Jewish girl who had to go into hiding during the Second World War to escape from the persecution of the Nazis suffered a lot.Although rejected and isolated, she didn? t stop showing signs of coming of age as a normal girl such as having an imaginary friend, entering puberty and having sexual curiosity. First of all, Kitty, Anne? s diary, came to help to deal in the time of transition. Young children often have imaginary friends. Anne Frank, after she followed her family into hiding, never enjoyed this luxu ry. Her diary became Anne? s friend, her retreat from a microcosm imposed upon her and the seven other Jews imprisoned in the loft because of Hitler’s master plan of genocide against Jews and other groups.Even before the Franks entered the loft, Anne had named her diary â€Å"Kitty. †Ã‚   (Shuman). Kitty helps Anne deal with the huge change and the reader sees it when she writes to her about the Annex. â€Å"I’ve probably bored you with my long description of our house, but I still think you should know where I’ve ended up† (Frank 25) and when how her world turned upside down because of the sudden change. â€Å"It seems like years since Sunday morning. So much has happened it’s as if the whole world had suddenly turned upside down. But as you can see, Kitty, I’m still alive† (Frank 19).In these two quotes, Anne is telling Kitty that a lot have happened and she doesn’t feel comfortable being in hideout but at least she is still alive and has a friend who can tell everything. In writing to Kitty, Frank is trying to reach out to the normal world beyond her confined quarters. She misses school and her old friends. As the youngest in the secret annex, she is treated with condescension by the adults and sometimes scolded for her boisterousness. To overcome these feelings of isolation, she invents a friend in whom she can confide (Furst). I hope I will be able to confide everything to you, as I have never been able to confide in anyone† (Frank 1). During her time in the annex Anne feels that despite having her parents, it’s better to tell everything to Kitty. † Paper has more patience than people† (Frank 6). The Jewish girl feels that no one interested of what a thirteen year-old girl has to say and it’s better to write what she feels without fear of being judged and that was really hard for her because of being Jewish in times of the Holocaust. After Germany invaded Nether lands and the government began to persecute Jews.Anne dropped her studies and lost contact with all her Jewish friends. During hideout, Kitty acted as Anne’s trusted confident when there was no one else to tell her secrets to. Kitty provided comfort in times of stress and companionship when she was lonely. â€Å"I hope you will be a great source of comfort and support† (Frank 1). Anne Frank was a popular girl in the school but she felt like she didn’t have a lots of friends and that’s one of the reasons why she had such a strong relationship with Kitty. The reader later learns that neither Mrs.Frank nor Margot offered much to Anne in the way of emotional support and even though Anne’s father tried everything he could, he failed. â€Å"And yet for a long time I’ve felt extremely lonely, left out, neglected and misunderstood. Father did everything he could to curb my rebellious spirit, but it was no use†¦ Why didn’t father support me in my struggle? Why did he fall short when he tried to offer me a helping hand? The answer is: he used the wrong methods. He always talked to me as if I were a child going through a difficult phase† (Frank 329).Anne does realize that her father did try to help her but he failed; although Kitty didn’t. Kitty was always with her. † So far you truly have been a great source of comfort to me, and so has Kitty, whom I now write to regularly. This way of keeping a diary is much nicer, and now I can hardly wait for those moments when I’m able to write in you. Oh, I’m so glad I brought you along! † (Frank 1). Furthermore, during her concealment from the German soldiers, Anne started to show physical signs of growing up as her body started to change.Anne Frank? s puberty began when she was 13 years old. Her breasts started to developed and because of the change, she had a terrible urge to feel her breast at night in bed. In addition, hair began to g row, and at the end Anne finally got her period. â€Å"I think that what’s happening to me is so wonderful, and I don’t just mean the changes taking place on the outside of my body, but also those on the inside. I never discuss myself or any of these things with others, which is why I have to talk about them to myself.Whenever I have my period (and that’s only been three times), I have the feeling that in spite of all the pain, discomfort and mess, I’m carrying around a sweet secret† (Frank 160). At many points in her diary, the young girl expresses her desire to grow up so that her family take her seriously and she hopes to have her period thinking of it as physical sign of adulthood would make others respect her. When her period didn? t brought her family to respect her maturity, she continued to enjoy it as a â€Å"sweet secret†. At the time she made her first entries into her now-famous diary, she was pampered and immature (Shauman).Duri ng Anne’s changes, the reader feels that she is no longer a naive kid because she leaves her normal childhood behind and becomes more mature and thoughtful due to the unusual circumstances of the Holocaust. â€Å"I was suffering then (and still do) from moods that kept my head under water (figuratively speaking) and allowed me to see things only from my own perspective, without calmly considering what the others- those whom I, with my mercurial temperament, had hurt or offended- had said, and then acting as they would have done† (Frank 157-158).This quote shows that Anne began to grow up, reflecting more objectively on her own behaviour. Puberty is not only changes in the person body but it’s also a transition from childhood to adulthood. One cause of the sudden change in Anne was war. â€Å"The war is going to go on despite our quarrels and our longing for freedom and fresh air, so we should try to make the best to stay here. I’m preaching, but I also b elieve that if I live here much longer I’ll turn into dried-up old beanstalk. And all I really want is to be an honest-to-goodness teenager! † (Frank 169). Anne believes that war has made her grow old too quickly.She lost her chance to be a young person, enjoying life. As part of Anne’s development into a young adult, she started to develop an identity separated from her parents and a capacity of decision-making. She started to experience teenage rebellion mostly towards her mother. â€Å"Margot and Mother’s personalities are so alien to me. I understand my girlfriends better than my own mother. Isn’t that a shame? † (Frank 42). This is one of the first times that Anne expresses a typical adolescent sentiment that she can relate to her friends better than to her own family.Throughout the diary, Anne presents her mother in a negative and judgemental fashion. Anne sees her mother as an irritating figure of authority and she frequently wrote of her difficult relationship with her. One reason why Anne has problems with her mother is because Mrs. Frank sees Anne as a friend. †I’ve suddenly realized what’s wrong with her. Mother has said that she sees us more as friends than as daughters. That’s all very nice, of course, except that a friend can’t take the place of a mother.I need my mother to set a good example and be a person I can respect, but in most matters she’s an example of what not to do† (Frank 159). Anne tells Kitty that she needs a mother that possesses a great deal of tact, especially towards her adolescent children, and not one who pokes fun at her when she cries. Finally, as Anne continues to grow, she develops the sense of gender differences and also the curiosity of the body. During her hideout, Anne complains that it? s really easy to see exactly what a naked man looks like because of pictures, but it’s really hard to see a naked picture of a woman. Every time I see a female nude, such as the Venus in my history book, I go into ecstasy. Sometimes I find them so exquisite I have to struggle to hold back my tears. If I only had a girlfriend! † (Frank 161). That? s probably one of the reasons that she touched herself when she was in the annex. The reader also finds out that, before going into hiding, Anne had a sexual curiosity about the human body. â€Å"Unconsciously, I had these feelings even before I came here. Once when I was spending the night at Jacque’s, I could no longer restrain my curiosity about her body†¦I asked wether, as a proof of our friendship, we could touch each other’s breasts. Jacque refused. I also had a terrible desire to kiss her, which I did† (Frank 161). Through her thoughts expressed to Kitty, the reader appreciates that Anne was growing up really fast. The young girl was in the stage of trying to find love and have a relationship. When Anne talks about her love life, things g ets confusing because there were multiple Peters during Anne’s short life. When Anne was thirteen she already had boys on the brain and she had a lot of admirers. I have a throng of admirers who can’t keep their adoring eyes off me and who sometimes have to resort to using a broken pocket mirror to try and catch a glimpse of me in the classroom† (Frank 7). Anne does seem to be a male magnet and before going into the annex, she experienced a relationship with a sixteen-year-old guy named Peter Schiff; however their relationship soon ended because Anne was too young. After going into hiding, she met Peter Van Daan, a shy boy in the annex that Anne has no taste for at first. However later in the diary, Anne begins having dreams of Peter Schiff. I immediately remembered what I’d been dreaming about. I was sitting on a chair and across from me was Peter†¦ Peter Schiff† (Frank 162). Those dreams that Anne had, mark what she thinks to be a significant change in herself. â€Å"I (there I go again! ) don’t know what’s happened, but since my dream I keep noticing how I’ve changed† (Frank 170). Those changes are a result of increased interest in romantic love and sex. It seems that Anne started to realize that she wanted love and companionship so desperately that she blinded herself to who Peter Van Daan really was. No, I think about Peter much more than I do Father. I know very well that he was my conquest, and not the other way round. I created an image of him in my mind, pictured him as a quiet, sweet, sensitive boy badly in need of friendship and love! I needed to pour out my heart to a living person. When I finally got him to be my friend, it automatically developed into an intimacy that, when I think about it now, seems outrageous. (Frank 330). The fourteen-years-old girl initiates a healthy curiosity about a natural part of growing up. â€Å"A very strange thing has happened to me.Before I came her e, whenever anyone at home or at school talked about sex, they were either secretive or disgusting. Any words having to do with sex were spoken in a low whisper. That struck me as odd, and I often wondered why people were so mysterious or obnoxious when they talked about this subject† (Frank 172). The young girl is in a mature stage where she really doesn’t see why people laugh or get mysterious about the subject and she really wants to know about sex. Before going into hiding, she tried to ask her friends about the subject. â€Å"I said as little as possible or asked my girlfriends for information† (Frank 172-173).Also, Anne asked her parents, but they were not open about sex and sexuality and that’s why she decided to ask Peter about sex and later she talks to Margot in the bathroom. In the end, Anne Frank died in early March 1945, in a concentration camp. During hiding, Annelies Frank never could get use to the annex and she always felt lonely and misun derstood. Even though she had a horrific childhood, that didn’t stop the enthusiastic young girl to experience normal teenage phases such as having an imaginary companion, facing mental & physical changes, and possessing sexual curiosity.Work Cited ? Frank, Annelies Marie. THE DIARY OF A YOUNG GIRL ANNE FRANL. THE DEFINITIVE EDITION. United States of America: Penguin Books, 1995. 341. ? Shuman, R. Baird, . â€Å"The Diary of a Young Girl. †Ã‚  Literary Reference Center. EBSCO, n. d. Web. 29 May 2012. ? Furst, Lilian R. â€Å"The Diary of a Young Girl. †Ã‚  Literary Reference Center. EBSCO, n. d. Web. 30 May 2012. ? Shauman, R. Baird. â€Å"Anne Frank. †Ã‚  Literary Reference Center. EBSCO, n. d. Web. 30 May 2012.